This apparatus consists of a glass tube with one end having bell mouth entrance connected to a constant head water tank and at the other end a valve is provided to vary the flow rate. The tank has sufficient capacity to store water for conducting the test. A capillary tube is introduced centrally in the bell mouth for feeding dye from a small container placed at the top of tank, through polythene tubing. By varying the rate of flow, the Reynold’s number is changed. This also changes the type of flow (turbulent, laminar and transition). Visual observation of dye will indicate the type of flow, which can be confirmed from the Reynold’s number computation. Present setup is a self-contained water recirculating unit, provided with a sump tank and a centrifugal pump. Flow control valves and bypass valves are fitted in the water line. Flow rate of water is measured with the help of measuring cylinder and stopwatch.

Bernoulli Equation is based on conservation of energy and is applied to study fluid flows. It has many real-world applications, ranging from understanding the aerodynamics of an airplane; calculating wind load on buildings; designing water supply and sewer networks; measuring flow using devices such as weirs, Parshall flumes, and venturi meters; and estimating seepage through soil, etc. This set up is used to measure different components of the energy head for a steady flow of water through a tapered duct and to investigate the validity of the Bernoulli equation.

The Impact of a Jet apparatus is used to know the force produced by a jet of water as it strikes a flat plate or hemispherical cup. Then the comparison of this force to the momentum of the flow rate in the jet is performed. Thus, the momentum equation for a fluid flow can be verified.

The Venturi meter and Orifice meter Apparatus is designed for calibration of water flow meters. The Set up consists of a venturi meter and orifice meter fitted in a pipe. Each flow meter has two pressure ports which can be connected to a mercury manometer to measure pressure difference at inlet and throat. This pressure difference is used to calculate the water flow rate by using the Bernoulli Equation. Water is supplied from the sump tank by centrifugal pump and measuring tank is provides the water flow rate. The entire setup is mounted on a strong steel frame. By comparing the theoretical and measured flow rate, the discharge coefficient for flow meter can be determined.

It is a self-contained floor standing unit consisting of a water reservoir and a tank with sand. Overhead spray nozzles simulate rainfall. It is for studying different principles of hydrology including rainfall, throughflow and the movement of water over land and rivers.

The WRE laboratory has three different flumes:

• The first flume is a long tilted flue. Its discharge and tilt can be set through a control panel. The main channel dimensions of the flume are 12.3*0.55*0.6 in metres. It has several accessories such as mats with different roughnesses, bridge piers, wave maker) to support several hydraulic studies for rigid bed and mobile bed open channels.
• The functioning of the second flume is manual, i.e., the discharge and the tilt are set manually. The dimensions of the flume are 3*0.22*0.38 in metres.
• The third flume is for studying combining junction flows. It has two inlet channels (at right angle to each other) and one outlet channel. The dimensions of the main channel in metres are 5*0.5*0.75 and lateral channel dimensions are 2*0.5*0.75. This flume can support both rigid bed and mobile bed flows.

The piping system is connected to a pneumatic tank on the upstream end and to a valve at the downstream end. Partial blockages in the form of orifices can be fitted to the piping system. Pressure transducers are fitted at several places. The transient is created by suddenly closing the valve. Different signals of the transient is recorded by varying the location, size and number of the partial blockages. The signals are studied inversely to detect the blockages.